DPLS 754 - Leadership & Sociology
Summer 2006                        3 credits

COURSE DESCRIPTION

Sociologists study people in groups. As such, this discipline is similar to the study of cultures in that both seek to understand those features of groups which distinguish one group from another. A sociologist would be interested, for example, in issues such as: the factors which account for the creation of groups; role differentiation or ranking within a group; how group members are socialized; how a group's authority and power distribution evolves; the differing sources of deviation within a group; and what conditions account for a group's structural change over time.

Leaders are leaders only within the confines of a group of people, and this course is based upon the assumption that leadership can be enriched by a sociological perspective. DPLS 754: Leadership and Sociology attempts to address the sociological "ways of knowing" by a multitude of means.

COURSE OBJECTIVES

This course is designed to enable students to:

• think critically and sociologically by utilizing the sociological imagination (developing an awareness of the relationship between an individual and the wider society, according to C. Wright Mills, 1959).
• demonstrate and finetune professional level research skills necessary for dissertation writing and eventual publication.
• verbalize and debate various stances related to politics, education, and organizational theory.
• analyze a group using sociological methods.

LEARNING ACTIVITIES

This class will be conducted in a seminar format. The instructor will provide a variety of learning resources intended to stimulate in-depth discussions and reflection. The class will culminate with student-led presentations and discussions.

REQUIRED TEXTS

Three textbooks are required reading for this course:

• Schwartz, Barry (1987), George Washington : The Making of an American Symbol. New York: Free Press.
• Waller, Willard (1932), The Sociology of Teaching. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
• Crozier, Michel (1964), The Bureaucratic Phenomenon. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

All titles available to order on www.bookfinder.com or call Scott Franz in the bookstore for assistance (X6861).  Also, copies have been ordered for Foley Library (at least 2 of each title). Additional required readings will be furnished by the instructor.

COURSE REQUIREMENTS

Students will be expected to:

a. Attend class and participate positively in activities and discussions.
b. Complete all assigned readings.
c. Complete all written work at an acceptable level of scholarship.
d. Spend approximately 30 hours of observation or participant observation studying a group, using sociological methods described in class.
e. Present a summary of the final project to the class. Written Assignments

Three written assignments are required for this course:

Reflection paper #1: Compare and contrast Waller’s teacher personality traits (such as prestige) to those attributed to George Washington as he is portrayed by Schwartz. Limit = five pages, typed, double-spaced. Due at the beginning of class Monday, July 3.

Reflection paper #2: Discuss Crozier’s “isolation of strata” as it applies to at least one of the five social institutions (religion, education, family, economy, political order/government). Compare contemporary America with historical France. Limit = 5 pages, typed, double-spaced. Due at the beginning of class Monday, July 17.

Final Project: Prepare a description of a group (of which you are not a member) which presents elements of the values, language, world view, norms, roles, artifacts, stratification system, authority structure, rituals, ceremonies, and/or socialization processes using sociological methods (e.g., observation, participant-observation, interviewing). The maximum length of this paper is 15 pages, typed, double-spaced. Paper due no later than noon Friday, July 21 in Dr. Weatherby’s AD Box 65 in Faculty Services (basement of the Administration Building). No electronic versions will be accepted.

This project may be individual or cooperative; its comprehensiveness should be adjusted accordingly. Your goal should be to give as complete a picture as possible of membership within your target group. 30 hours of observation or participant observation per student are required (at minimum).

An oral presentation will be shared during the final class in order to offer a "flavor" of your target group with classmates. Due: Monday, July 24.

ASSESSMENT AND GRADING

Coursework will be assessed on a point basis and weighted as follows:
Reflection paper 1 = 25 points
Reflection paper 2 = 25 points
Final project/presentation = 100 points
Attendance and participation = 50 points
Doctoral level work should be of high quality in both content and presentation. Final course grades will be based on the following percentile scores:

• 95-100% A
• 90-94% A-
• 87-89% B+
• 84-86% B
• 80-83% B-
• 77-79% C+
• Lower percentile scores are unacceptable for doctoral study.

ASSIGNMENTS AND CLASS ACTIVITIES

Session 1: 6:00 to 10:00 p.m., Monday, June 19: Come prepared to discuss Barry Schwartz’ article: “Social Change and Collective Memory: The Democratization of George Washington,” American Sociological Review, Vol. 56 (1991): 221-236, available in the Foley Library. Supplemental Reading: The Schwartz chapter on “The Reconstruction of Abraham Lincoln, 1865-1920" cited in the above ASR article references. After course overview and introductions, we will launch into an in-depth discussion of America’s founding fathers, their varying leadership styles, measures of success, power struggles, etc.

Session 2: 6:00 to 10:00 p.m., Monday, June 26: Come prepared to discuss Schwartz’ book George Washington: The Making of an American Symbol in depth. Finally, discuss which group you have selected to study within the community and why. Work on this project in class (structuring the observations, interviews, etc.).

Session 3: 4:00 to 10:00 p.m., Monday, July 3: Reflection Paper # 1 due at the beginning of class. Come prepared to discuss Waller’s The Sociology of Teaching (classic book). Compare his discourse on educators to our analysis of charismatic and noncharismatic patriots throughout history. Work on project during the last portion of class.

Session 4: 4:00 to 10:00 p.m., Monday, July 17: Reflection Paper #2 due at the beginning of class. Come prepared to discuss Crozier’s The Bureaucratic Phenomenon (also a classic on French organizations and culture.) What can we learn from European history? How does French bureaucratic stratification, role differentiation, socialization, and power structuring depart from the American model? How are these aspects similar? Work on project during the last portion of class.

Session 5: 4:00 to 10:00 p.m., Monday, July 24: Wrap-up of course. Each student will present an in-depth detailed analysis of their selected group of study. Include a discussion of the group’s mission statement (if they have one - and if not, why not?), their formal and informal power structure/hierarchy (these two may or may not be different), their socialization process for members, role differentiation changes (overtime, gains/losses of power), the intended and unintended consequences of their work, their individual versus group focus (are they loaners in their work or more group - oriented?), their communication strategies (information is power - do they share it, hide it, or what?), and any other aspects of sociological interest. Papers are due, in advance of your presentation (no later than noon, July 21/Friday). Time allotted for presentation will depend on class size.

BIBLIOGRAPHY (In addition to the required texts)

Abbott, A. (1983). Professional ethics. American Journal of Sociology, 88, 855-885.

Abrahamson, M. (1967). The professional in the organization. Chicago: Rand McNally.

Aiken, M. & Hage, J. (1966). Organizational alienation: A comparative analysis. American Sociological Review, 31, 497-507.

Arthur, M.B.; Hall, D.T.; & Lawrence, B.S. (1989). Handbook of career theory. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Barker, J.A. (1992). Paradigms: The business of discovering the future. New York: HarperCollins.

Bateson, M.C. (1990). Composing a life. New York: Penguin Plume Books.

Beck, N. (1992). Shifting gears: Thriving in the new economy. Toronto: HarperCollins.

Becker, H.; Geer, B.; Hughes, E.C.; & Strauss, A.L. (1961). Boys in white. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Becker, H. & Boskoff, A. (eds.) (1957). Modern sociological theory in continuity and change. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.

Bellah, R. and others. (1985). Habits of the heart. Berkeley: University of California Press.

Bellah, R. and others. (1992). The good society. New York: Knopf.

Bennis, W. & Slater, P. (1968). The temporary society. New York: HarperCollins.

Berger, P.L. & Luckmann, T. (1966). The social construction of reality. New York: Doubleday Anchor Books.

Blankenship, R.L. (Ed.). (1977). Colleagues in organization: The social construction of professional work. New York: Wiley.

Blau, P.M. (1964). Exchange and power in social life. New York: John Wiley & Sons.

Bledstein, B.J. (1976). The culture of professionalism. New York: Norton Books.

Bloor, G. & Dawson, P. (1994, Spring). Understanding professional culture in organizational context. Organization Studies, 15 (2).

Boskoff, A. (1972). The mosaic of sociological theory. New York: Thomas Y. Crowell Co.

Bridges, W. (1994). Job shift: How to prosper in a workplace without jobs. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.

Brief, A.P. (1982). Undoing the educational process of the newly hired professional. Personnel Administrator, 27, 55-58.

Brim, O. (1966). Socialization through the life cycle. In Brim, O.G. & Wheeler, S. (Eds.), Socialization after childhood, pp. 1 - 49. New York: Wiley.

Bucher, R. & Stelling, J. (1969). Characteristics of professional organizations. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 10, 3-15.

Cherrington, D.J.; Condie, S.J.; & England, J.L. (1979). Age and work values. Academy of Management Journal, 22, 617-623.

Child, J. & Fulk, J. (1982). Maintenance of occupational control. Work and Occupations, 9, 155-192.

Clecak, P. (1983). America's quest for the ideal self. New York: Oxford University Press.

Coleman, R.P. & Rainwater, L. (1978). Social standing in America: New dimensions of class. New York: Basic Books.

Collins, R. (1975). Conflict sociology: Toward an explanatary science. New York: Academic Press.

Corwin, R.G. (1961). The professional employee: A study of conflict in nursing roles. American Journal of Sociology, 66, 604-609.

Crozier, M. (1964). The bureaucratic phenomenon. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Curry, L.; Wergin, J.F.; & Associates. (1993). Educating professionals: Responding to new expectations for competence and accountability. SanFrancisco: Jossey-Bass.

Dalton, G.W.; Thompson, P.H.; & Price, R.L. (1980). The four stages of professional careers -- a new look at performance by professionals. In Morgan, M.A. (Ed.), Managing career development, pp. 43-60. New York: D.Van Nostrand.

Daniels, N. (1978). Merit and meritocracy. Philosophy and Public Affairs, 3, 206-223.

Davidson, R.E. (1985). Professional conflicts within organizations. Sociology and Social Research, 70, 210-220.

Davis, M.G. (1993, August). Hiring the overqualified. Management Review, 35-38.

The death of corporate loyalty. (1993, April 3). The Economist, 63-64.

Dingwall, R. (1977, Nov). "Atrocity stories" and professional relationships. Sociology of Work and Occupations, 4 (4), 371-396.

Donaldson, T. (1982). Corporations and morality. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall.

Drucker, P. (1992, September-October). The new society of organizations. Harvard Business Review, 95-104.

Drucker, P. (1993, May-June). The post-capitalist executive. Harvard Business Review, 115-122.

Durkheim, E. (1938). The rules of the sociological method. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. (Originally published 1903).

Durkheim, E. (1954). The elementary forms of the religious life. Glencoe, ILL: Free Press. (Originally published 1915).

Durkheim, E. (1957). Professional ethics and civic morals (C. Brookfield, Trans.). London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.

Engel, G.V. (1969). The effect of bureaucracy on the professional autonomy of the physician. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 10, 30-41.

Feldman, D.C. (1981). The multiple socialization of organization members. Academy of Management Review, 6(2), 309-318.

Freund, P. (1963). The legal profession. Daedalus, 92, 689-700.

Friedson, E. (1980). Patients' views of medical practice. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.

Friedson, E. & Rhea, B. (1963). Processes of control in a company of equals. Social Problems, 11, 119-131.

Gehrke, N.J. (1987). On being a teacher. West Lafayette, Ind.: Kappa Delta Pi.

Gerber, J; Wolff, J.; Klores, W.; & Brown, G. (1989). Lifetrends: Your future for the next 30 years. New York: Avon Books.

Gerpott, T.J. & Domsch, M. (1985). The concept of professionalism and the management of salaried technical professionals: A cross-national perspective. Human Resources Management, 24, (2), 207-226.

Gitlin, T. (1995). The twilight of common dreams: Why America is wracked by culture wars. New York: Metropolitan Books.

Goffman, E. 1(959.) The presentation of self in everyday life. New York: Doubleday Anchor Books.

Goode, W.J. (1957), April. Community within a community: The professions. American Sociological Review, 22, 194-200.

Gouldner, A.W. (1957). Cosmopolitans and locals: Toward an analysis of latent social roles I. Administrative Science Quarterly, 2, 281-306.

Gouldner, A.W. (1958). Cosmopolitans and locals: Toward an analysis of latent social roles II. Administrative Science Quarterly, 3, 444-480.

Gouldner, A.W. (1960). The norm of reciprocity. American Sociological Review, 25, 161-178.

Granovetter, M.S. (1973). The strength of weak ties. American Journal of Sociology, 78(6), 1360-1380.

Greenberg, E. (1993, February). Upswing in downsizings to continue. Management Review, 5.

Gregory, K.L. (1983). Native-view paradigms: Culture conflicts in organizations. Administrative Science Quarterly, 28, 359-376.

Grimes, A.J. & Berger, P.K. (1970). Cosmopolitan-local: Evaluation of the concept. Administrative Science Quarterly, 15, 407-416.

Hagstrom, W.O. (1965). The scientific community. Carbondale, IL: Southern Illinois University Press.

Hall, D.T. (1985). Project work as an antidote to career plateauing in a declining engineering organization. Human Resource Management, 24, 271-292.

Hall, D.T. & Associates. (1996). The career is dead: Long live the career: A relational approach to careers. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

Hall, R.H. (1968). Professionalization and bureaucratization. American Sociological Review, 22, 92-104.

Hammer, M. & Champy, J. (1993, September). The future of middle managers. Management Review, 51-53.

Handy, C. (1992). The age of unreason. Cambridge: Harvard Business School Press.

Hansen, L.S. (1987), January. Career socialization, social change, prevention: Critical issues for dual-career counseling. The Counseling Psychologist, 15(1), 122-130.

Haskell, T.L. (Ed.). (1984). The authority of experts: Studies in history and theory. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press.

Heckscher, C. White-collar blues: Management loyalties in an age of corporate restructuring. New York: BasicBooks.

Hochschild, A. (1989). The second shift: Working parents and the revolution at home. New York: Viking.

Homans, G.C. (1961). Social behavior: Its elementary forms. New York: Harcourt, Brace & World.

Homans, G.C. (1961). Social behavior as exchange. American Journal of Sociology, 63, 597-606.

Houle, C.O. (1980). Continuing learning in the professions. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

Hughes, E.C. (1963). Professions. In K.S. Lynn (Ed.), The professions in America, pp. 1 - 14. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co.

Isaacson, N.S. (1981). Secondary teachers' perceptions of personal and organizational support during induction into teaching. Unpublished doctoral dissertation,University of Oregon, Eugene, OR.

Isaacson, N.S. & Wilson, S.M. (1996). Secondary school subcultures and the implementation of nontraditional school schedules. Paper presented at the annual conference of the American Educational Research Association, New York.

Jackall, R. (1988). Moral mazes: The world of corporate managers. New York: Oxford University Press.

Jackson, J.A. (Ed.). 1970. Professions and professionalization. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

Jencks, C., Bartlett, S.; Corcoran, M.; Crouse, J.; Eaglesfield, D.; Jackson, G.; McClelland, K; Mueser, P.; Olneck, M.; Schwartz, J.; Ward, S.; & Williams, J.(1979). Who gets ahead? The determinants of economic success in America. New York: Basic Books.

Johnson, S.M. (1990). Teachers at work: Achieving success in our schools. New York: Basic Books, Inc.

Kanter, R.M. (1982). Dilemmas of managing participation. Organizational Dynamics, 11, 5-27.

Kanter, R.M. (1987, January). From status to contribution: Some organizational implications of the changing basis for pay. Personnel, 12-37.

Kanter, R.M. (1989, November-December). The new managerial work. Harvard Business Review, 85-92.

Kanter, R.M. (1989, September). Shape of companies to come. Business (England), 80-85.

Kaufman, S. (1992, November). Downsizing’s ripple effect. Training, 12-14.

Kerr, S.; Von Glinow, M.A.; & Schriesheim, J. (1977). Issues in the study of professionals in organizations: The case of scientists and engineers. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 18, 329-345.

Kiechel, W. (1993, May 17). How we will work in the Year 2000. Fortune, 38-52.

Klegon, D. (1978). The sociology of professions: An emerging perspective. Sociology of Work and Occupations, 5, 259-283.

Knorr-Cetina, K. & Cicourel, A.V. (eds.) (1981). Advances in social theory and methodology: Toward an integration of micro- and macro-sociologies. Boston: Routledge & Kegan Paul.

Kolodny, H.F. (1979). Evolution to a matrix organization. Academy of Management Review, 4, 543-553.

Kornhouser, W. (1962). Scientists in industry. Berkeley: University of California Press.

Korten, D.C. When corporations rule the world. San Francisco: Berrett- Koehler.

Lapham, L.H. (1988). Money and class in America: Notes and observations on our civil religion. New York: Weidenfeld & Nicolson.

Larson, C.J. 1(973). Major themes in sociological theory. New York: David McKay Co., Inc.

Larson, M.S. (1977). The rise of professionalism. Berkeley: University of California Press.

Lasch, C. (1978). The culture of narcissism. New York: Norton Books.

Lasch, C. (1995). The revolt of the elites and the betrayal of democracy. New York: W.W. Norton & Co.

Lebell, D. (1980). Managing professionals: The quiet conflict. Personnel Journal, 59, 569-570.

Lerner, M. (1986). Surplus powerlessness: The psychodynamics of everyday life and the psychology of individual and social transformation. Atlantic Highlands, N.J.: Humanities Press International, Inc.

Lewin, K. (1951). Field theory in social science. New York: Harper Torchbooks.

Lofland, J. (1971). Analyzing social settings: A guide to qualitative observation and analysis. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.

Lorsch, J. & Mathias, J. (1987, July-August). When professionals have to manage. Harvard Business Review, 78-83.

Lortie, D.C. (1959, Fall). Laymen to lawmen: Law school, careers, and professional socialization. Harvard Educational Review, 29, 363-367.

Lortie, D.C. (1975). Schoolteacher: A sociological study. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Louis, M.R. (1980). Surprise and sense-making: What newcomers experience in entering unfamiliar organizational settings. Administrative Science Quarterly, 25, 226-251.

Louis, M.R. (1982). Managing career transition: A missing link in career development. Organizational Dynamics, 10, 68-77.

Macdonald, K.M. (1995). The sociology of the professions. London: Sage.

Manning, P.K. (1977). Talking and becoming: A view of organizational socialization. In R.L. Blankenship (Ed.), Colleauges in organization: The social construction of professional work, (ch. 7). New York: Wiley.

Manning, P.K. (1977). Rules, colleagues, and situationally justified actions. In R.L. Blankenship (Ed.), Colleagues in organization: The social construction of professional work, (ch. 10). New York: Wiley.

Manz, C.C. & Sims, H.P. (1980). Self-management as a substitute for leadership: A social learning theory perspective. Academy of Management Review, 5, 361-367.

McGregor, D. (1960). The professional manager. New York: McGraw-Hill.

Merton, R.K. (1949). Social theory and social structure. New York: The Free Press. (1968 expanded edition).

Miceli, M.P. & Near, J.P. (1991). Whistle-blowing as an organizational process. In S.B. Bacharach (Ed.), Research in the sociology of organizations, 9, pp.139-200. Greenwich, CN: JAI Press.

Miller, G.A. (1967). Professionals in bureaucracy: Alienation among industrial scientists and engineers. American Sociological Review, 32, 760-761.

Miller, G.A. & Wager, L.W. (1971, June). Adult socialization, organizational structure, and role orientations. Administrative Science Quarterly, 16 (2), 151-163.

Mills, C.W. (1951). White collar: The American middle classes. London: Oxford University Press.

Mills, C.W. (1959). The sociological imagination. New York: Oxford University Press.

Montagna, P.D. (1968). Professionalization and bureaucratization in large professional organizations. American Journal of Sociology, 74, 138-145.

Moravec, M. & Tucker, R. (1992, June). Job descriptions for the 21st century. Personnel Journal.

Morrissey, E. & Gillespie, D.V. (1975). Technology and the conflict of professionals in bureaucratic organizations. The Sociological Quarterly, 16, 319-332.

Mulder, M. (1982). Power equalization through participation. Administrative Science Quarterly, 16, 31-38.

Munch, R. (1986). The American creed in sociological theory: Exchange, negotiated order, accommodated individualism, and contingency. Sociological Theory, 4, 41-60.

Newman, K.S. (1988). Falling from grace: The experience of downward mobility in the American middle class. New York: Vintage Books.

Nurick, A.J. (1985). The paradox of participation: Lessons from the Tennessee Valley Authority. Human Resource Management, 24, 341-356.

Olesen, V.L. & Whittaker, E.W. (1968). Characteristics of professional socialization. In the silent dialogue. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

Organ, D.W. & Greene, C.N. (1981). The effect of formalization on professional involvement: A compensatory process approach. Administrative Science Quarterly, 26, 237-252.

Parsons, T. (1951). The social system. Glencoe, IL: Free Press.

Parsons, T. (1968). Professions. In D.L. Sills (Ed.), International encyclopedia of the social sciences (vol. 12, pp. 536547). New York: Crowell Collierand Macmillan.

Perrucci, R. & Gerstl, J.E. (1969). Profession without community: Engineers in American society. New York: Random House.

Quinn, J.B. (1985). Managing innovation: Controlled chaos. Harvard Business Review, 60, 73-84.

Raelin, J.A. (19840. The salaried professional: How to make the most of your career. New York: Praeger Books.

Raelin, J.A. (1984_. An examination of deviant/adaptive behaviors in the organizational careers of professionals. Academy of Management Review, 9, 413-427.

Raelin, J.A. (1985). Work patterns in the professional life-cycle. Journal of Occupational Psychology, 58, 177-187.

Raelin, J.A.; Sholl, C.K.; & Leonard, D. (1985). Why professionals turn sour and what to do. Personnel, 62, 28- 41.

Riesman, D. (1950). The lonely crowd. New Haven & London: Yale University Press.

Rifkin, J. (1995). The end of work: The decline of the global labor force and the dawn of the post-market era. New York: Jeremy Tarcher/Putnam.

Riley, M.W. (1963). Sociological research: A case approach. New York: Harcourt, Brace & World, Inc.

Riley, M.W. & Nelson, E.E. (eds.) (1974). Sociological observation: A strategy for new social knowledge. New York: Basic Books.

Ritti, R.R. & Funkhouser, G.R. (1987). The ropes to skip and the ropes to know: The inner life of an organization. New York: John Wiley & Sons.

Rose, G. (1982). Deciphering sociological research. Beverly Hills: Sage Publications.

Rubin, L.B. (1976). Worlds of pain: Life in the working-class family. New York: Basic Books.

Rybczynski, W. (1991). Waiting for the weekend. New York: Penguin.

Sarason, S.B. (1977). Work, aging and social change. New York: The Free Press.

Schein, E.H. (1971). The individual, the organization, and the career: A conceptual scheme. Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 7 (4), 401-426.

Schein, E.H. (1978). Career dynamics. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.

Schein, E.H. (1989). Reassessing the divine rights of managers. Sloan Management Review, 30 (2), 63-68.

Schon, D. (1983). The reflective practitioner: How professionals think in action. New York: Basic Books.

Schor, J.B. (1992). The overworked American: The unexpected decline of leisure. New York: Basic Books.

Scott, W.R. (1965). Reactions to supervision in a heteronomous professional organization. Administrative Science Quarterly, 10, 65-81.

Shedd, J.B. & Bacharach. (1991). Tangled Hierarchies: Teachers as professionals and the management of schools. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

Simpson, I.H. (1979). From student to nurse: A longitudinal study of socialization. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

Spangler, E. (1986). Lawyers for hire. New Haven: Yale University Press.

Starr, P. (1982). The social transformation of American medicine. New York: Basic Books.

Steffy, B.E. (1989). Career stages of classroom teachers. Lancaster, PA: Technomic Publishing Co., Inc.

Strauss, A., Schatzman, L., Ehrlich, D., Bucher, R., & Sabshin, M. (1963). The hospital and its negotiated order. In E. Freidson (Ed.), Patients' views of medical practice (pp. 147-169). New York: Russell Sage Foundation.

Toffler, A. (1984). The third wave. New York: Bantam.

Toren, N. & King, J. (1982). Scientists' orientation toward their work: The relative effect of socialization versus situation. International Journal of Comparative Sociology, 23, 34-46.

Torstendahl, R. & Burrage, M. (1990). The formation of professions: Knowledge, state, and strategy. London: Sage.

Turner, R.H. (1978). The role and the person. American Journal of Sociology, 84, 1-23.

Vollmer, H.M. & Mills, D.L. (Eds.). (1966). Professionalization. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall.

Van Maanen, J. (1976). Breaking in: Socialization to work. In Dubin, R. (Ed.), Handbook of work, organization, and society. Chicago: Rand McNally & Co.

Van Maanen, J. (1983), Summer. Golden passports: Managerial socialization and graduate education. Review of Higher Education, 8(4), 135-155.

Van Maanen, J. & Schein, E. (1979). Toward a theory of organizational socialization. Research in organizational
behavior, vol. 1, pp. 209-264. JAI Press.

Vidich, A.J. & Lyman, S.M. (1993). Qualitative methods: Their history in sociology and anthropology. In Denzin, N.K. & Lincoln, Y.S. (Eds.), Handbook of Qualitiative Research, pp. 23-59. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.

Waller, W. (1961). The sociology of teaching. New York: Russell and Russell.

Wanous, J.P. (1980). Organizational entry: Recruitment, selection, and socialization of newcomers. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.

Waters, M. (1989, March). Collegiality, bureaucratization, and professionalization: A Weberian analysis. American Journal of Sociology, 94(5), 945-972.

Weber, M. (1949). The methodology of the social sciences. Glencoe, IL: Free Press.

Weston, A.F. (Ed.) (1981). Whistle blowing ! Loyalty and dissent in the corporation. New York: McGraw-Hill. Wheeler, S. 1966. The structure of formally organized socialization settings. In Brim, O.G. & Wheeler, S. (Eds.), Socialization after childhood, pp. 51-116. New York: Wiley.

Whyte, W.H., Jr. (1956). The organization man. New York: Simon & Schuster.

Wilensky, H.L. (1964). The professionalization of everyone? The American Journal of Sociology, 70, 137-158.

Zuboff, S. (1988). In the age of the smart machine: The future of work and power. New York: Basic Books.